Optimal Distributed Frequency and Voltage Control for Zonal Electricity Markets

Zonal pricing is a well-suited mechanism to incentivize grid-supporting behavior of profit-maximizing producers and consumers operating on large-scale power system. In zonal electricity markets, local system operators create individual price zones, which provide appropriate signals depending grid conditions such as an excess or shortage electrical energy in certain regions. this paper, real-time controller for AC networks presented that ensures frequency voltage stability well Pareto efficiency the resulting closed-loop equilibria. Based dynamic network model takes line losses exchange with adjacent zones into account, distributed continuous-time control laws are derived require only neighbor-to-neighbor communication. Application congestion management strategy illustrates how spatially temporally differentiated prices enable grid-supportive operation participants without interventions by superordinate authority. Effectiveness different concepts compared isolated demonstrated through simulations IEEE-57 bus